The Influence of Screen Time Management and Sleep Quality on the Physical Fitness of Grade 9 Learners
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65339/ijsis.V1.I2.116Keywords:
Academic Achievement, Physical Fitness, Screen Time Management, Sleep Quality, Sustainable Development Goals, Wellness Enhancement ProgramAbstract
This study examined the influence of screen time management and sleep quality on the physical fitness of Grade 9 learners at Cangawa National High School, Buenavista II District, Division of Bohol, during School Year 2026–2027, and the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement. The study was anchored in the 24-Hour Movement Behavior Framework, Sleep Health Theory, Biopsychosocial Model, and Self-Determination Theory. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was employed, involving 40 Grade 9 learners and seven MAPEH teachers selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using an adapted and modified questionnaire, the 3-Minute Step Test, Right-Angle Push-Up Test, Zipper Test, and learners’ Summative Test 1 scores in Physical Education and Health. Learners demonstrated high overall screen use, generally adequate sleep duration with occasional sleep-pattern disturbances, and an Average overall level of physical fitness. Endurance and flexibility were Average, while muscular strength was Poor. Academic achievement was Proficient, with 95.00% of learners classified at this level. Physical fitness showed a negligible positive and statistically nonsignificant relationship with academic achievement (rₛ = 0.027, p = 0.869), indicating that physical fitness alone did not directly determine academic performance. The study recommends implementing a Health and Wellness Enhancement Program addressing screen time management, sleep quality, physical fitness, and academic support. The study aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and SDG 4 (Quality Education) by addressing adolescent health behaviors, physical well-being, and educational functioning. Its sustainability impact lies in supporting school and family practices that promote responsible technology use, healthy sleep, regular physical activity, and learners’ holistic development.
References
Abad Santos, P. M. T., Cleofas, J. V., Austria, A. G. O., de Guzman, A. K. B., & Sarile, B. A. F. (2023). The double-edged impact of Internet use on mental health outcomes among Filipino university students: The mediating role of online social support. Frontiers in Sociology, 8, 1132523. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1132523 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1132523
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2021). Sleep is essential for health: Position statement. https://aasm.org/advocacy/position-statements/sleep-is-essential-to-health/
American College of Sports Medicine. (2022). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. https://shop.lww.com/ACSM-s-Guidelines-for-Exercise-Testing-and-Prescription/p/9781975150198
Álvarez-Bueno, C., Cavero-Redondo, I., Lucas-de la Cruz, L., Notario-Pacheco, B., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2021). Academic achievement and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(2), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.01.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.01.002
Bourke, M., Maddren, C. I., Sippel, F., & Thomas, G. (2026). Within-person association between daily screen use and sleep in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 180(5), 500–509. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.6490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.6490
Buysse, D. J. (2014). Sleep health: Can we define it? Does it matter? Sleep, 37(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3298
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Sleep and sleep disorders. https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/
da Costa, B. G. G., Chaput, J.-P., Lopes, M. V. V., Malheiros, L. E. A., da Silva, I. C. M., & Silva, K. S. (2021). Association between screen time and accelerometer-measured 24-h movement behaviors in a sample of Brazilian adolescents. Public Health, 195, 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.03.029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.03.029
de la Fuente, J., Malpica-Chavarria, E. A., Garzón-Umerenkova, A., & Pachón-Basallo, M. (2021). Effect of personal and contextual factors of regulation on academic achievement during adolescence: The role of gender and age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 8944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178944
Department of Education. (2019). DepEd Order No. 034, s. 2019: Revised Physical Fitness Test Manual. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/DO_s2019_034.pdf
Department of Education. (2026). DepEd Order No. 15, s. 2026: Revised guidelines on classroom assessment, grading system, and awards and recognition for the K to 12 Basic Education Program. https://www.deped.gov.ph/
Dong, X., Ding, L., Zhang, R., Ding, M., Wang, B., & Yi, X. (2021). Physical activity, screen-based sedentary behavior and physical fitness in Chinese adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 9, 722079. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.722079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.722079
Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.847460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.847460
Ferguson, T., Curtis, R., Fraysse, F., Northcott, C., Virgara, R., Watson, A., & Maher, C. A. (2021). Annual, seasonal, cultural and vacation patterns in sleep, sedentary behaviour and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 21, 1384. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11298-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11298-3
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2023). How to design and evaluate research in education (11th ed.). McGraw Hill.
Gruber, R., Carrey, N., Weiss, S. K., Frappier, J.-Y., & Rourke, L. (2021). Short sleep duration is associated with poor academic performance and emotional problems in children and adolescents. Sleep Health, 7(4), 430–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2021.03.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2021.03.006
He, H., Yang, Y., Sun, J., Wang, F., Zhang, W., & Zhu, F. (2025). Effects of school-based physical activity on academic achievement in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1651883. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1651883 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1651883
Hjetland, G. J., Skogen, J. C., Hysing, M., & Sivertsen, B. (2021). The association between self-reported screen time, social media addiction, and sleep among Norwegian university students. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 794307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.794307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.794307
Hossian, M., Mielke, G. I., Nisar, M., Tremblay, M. S., & Khan, A. (2025). Global research on 24-hour movement behaviours guidelines in children and adolescents: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 22, 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-025-01809-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-025-01809-5
Kaur, K., Gurnani, B., Nayak, S., Deori, N., Kaur, S., Jethani, J., & Singh, D. (2022). Digital eye strain—A comprehensive review. Ophthalmology and Therapy, 11, 1655–1680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-022-00540-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-022-00540-9
Kontostoli, E., Jones, A. P., Pearson, N., Foley, L., Biddle, S. J. H., & Atkin, A. J. (2023). The association of contemporary screen behaviours with physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-022-10077-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-022-10077-7
Liu, B., Shi, P., Jin, T., & Feng, X. (2025). Associations between meeting 24h movement behavior guidelines and cognition, gray matter volume, and academic performance in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Archives of Public Health, 83, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-024-01493-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-024-01493-0
Lund, L., Sølvhøj, I. N., Danielsen, D., & Andersen, S. (2021). Electronic media use and sleep in children and adolescents in western countries: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 21, 1598. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11640-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11640-9
Marciano, L., & Camerini, A.-L. (2021). Recommendations on screen time, sleep and physical activity: Associations with academic achievement in Swiss adolescents. Public Health, 198, 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.027
Moorhouse, B. L. (2023). Teachers’ digital technology use after a period of online teaching. ELT Journal, 77(4), 445–457. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccac050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccac050
Nagata, J. M., Cortez, C. A., Cattle, C. J., Ganson, K. T., Iyer, P., Bibbins-Domingo, K., & Baker, F. C. (2022). Screen time use among US adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(1), 94–96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4334
Nakshine, V. S., Thute, P., Khatib, M. N., & Deshmukh, R. S. (2022). Increased screen time as a cause of declining physical, psychological health, and sleep patterns: A literature review. Cureus, 14(10), e30051. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30051
Narsico, N. S. N., & Flores, G. B. (2023). Screentime activity and academic productivity of students. Asian Education, 2023, Article 2. https://www.lynnp.org/index.php/ae/article/view/41
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021). 21st-century readers: Developing literacy skills in a digital world (PISA 2018 results). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/a83d84cb-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/a83d84cb-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). PISA 2022 results (Volume I): The state of learning and equity in education. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/53f23881-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/53f23881-en
Perez, E. G. (2023). Effects of virtual tools in teaching: The case of Commonwealth High School, Quezon City, Philippines. AIDE Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 2(1), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.56648/aide-irj.v2i1.23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56648/aide-irj.v2i1.23
Pondang, K. A. (2026). Teaching amidst digital noise: A phenomenological study of technostress in Philippine secondary schools. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 4(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2026.176
Republic of the Philippines. (1987). The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Official Gazette. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/
Republic of the Philippines. (2013). Republic Act No. 10533: Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013. Official Gazette. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10533/
Republic of the Philippines. (2018). Republic Act No. 11036: Mental Health Act. Official Gazette. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2018/06/20/republic-act-no-11036/
Rogers, C. E., Moore, N. R. M., Francis, J. F., Oram, E. L. O., & colleagues. (2021). A longitudinal investigation of sleep and technology use in early adolescence: Does parental control of technology use protect adolescent sleep? Sleep Medicine, 84, 368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.003
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Lien, A., Hamilton, H. A., & Chaput, J.-P. (2022). Canadian 24-h movement guidelines, life stress, and self-esteem among adolescents. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 702162. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.702162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.702162
Sánchez-Miguel, P. A., Sevil-Serrano, J., Sánchez-Oliva, D., & Tapia-Serrano, M. A. (2022). School and non-school day screen time profiles and their differences in health and educational indicators in adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 32(11), 1668–1681. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14214
Saunders, T. J., McIsaac, T., Campbell, J., Douillette, K., Janssen, I., Tomasone, J. R., Ross-White, A., Prince, S. A., & Chaput, J.-P. (2022). Timing of sedentary behaviour and access to sedentary activities in the bedroom and their association with sleep quality and duration in children and youth: A systematic review. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 42(4), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.42.4.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.42.4.03
Schmidt, L. I., Steenbock, L. M., & Sieverding, M. (2023). Improving sleep among teachers: An implementation-intention intervention. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-022-10069-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-022-10069-7
Sleep Foundation. (2023). How much sleep do we really need? https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need
Tremblay, M. S., Carson, V., Chaput, J.-P., Connor Gorber, S., Dinh, T., Duggan, M., Faulkner, G., Gray, C. E., Gruber, R., Janson, K., Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Kho, M. E., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., LeBlanc, C., Okely, A. D., Olds, T., Pate, R. R., Phillips, A., . . . Zehr, L. (2016). Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth: An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(6 Suppl. 3), S311–S327. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0151
Trust, T., & Whalen, J. (2021). Emergency remote teaching with technology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Using the whole teacher lens to examine educator technology use. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69, 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09926-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2021.1930479
UNESCO. (2023). Global education monitoring report 2023: Technology in education—A tool on whose terms? https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en/technology
UNESCO. (2024). Global education monitoring report 2024/5: Leadership in education—Lead for learning. https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en/leadership
Visier-Alfonso, M. E., Sánchez-López, M., Álvarez-Bueno, C., Ruiz-Hermosa, A., Nieto-López, M., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2022). Mediators between physical activity and academic achievement: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 32(3), 452–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14107
Wilhite, K., Booker, B., Huang, B.-H., Antczak, D., Corbett, L., Parker, P., Noetel, M., Rissel, C., Lonsdale, C., Del Pozo Cruz, B., & Sanders, T. (2023). Combinations of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep duration and their associations with physical, psychological, and educational outcomes in children and adolescents: A systematic review. American Journal of Epidemiology, 192(4), 665–679. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwac212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwac212
Wong, C. K. H., Wong, R. S., Cheung, J. P. Y., Tung, K. T. S., Yam, J. C. S., Rich, M., Fu, K.-W., Cheung, P. W. H., Luo, N., Au, C. H., Zhang, A., Wong, W. H. S., Fan, J., Lam, C. L. K., & Ip, P. (2021). Impact of sleep duration, physical activity, and screen time on health-related quality of life in children and adolescents. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 19, 145. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01776-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01776-y
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128
World Health Organization. (2022). Global status report on physical activity 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240059153
Yang, Z., Wang, D., Fan, Y., Ma, Z., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., & Fan, F. (2023). Relationship between sleep disturbance and burnout among Chinese urban teachers: Moderating roles of resilience. Sleep Medicine, 108, 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2023.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2023.06.002
Zhao, H., Wu, N., Haapala, E. A., & Gao, Y. (2024). Association between meeting 24-h movement guidelines and health in children and adolescents aged 5–17 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1351972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1351972 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1351972
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Riza D. Sumagaysay (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication. All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. This license permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, including for commercial purposes, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the journal, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated.
