Cybersecurity Awareness and Preventive Practices Among Criminal Justice Students: Basis for an Evidenced Based Cyber Safety Education Framework
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65339/ijsis.V1.I2.77Keywords:
Cybersecurity Awareness, Cybersecurity Behavior, Cybersecurity Preventive Practices, Criminal Justice Students, Cyber Safety Education FrameworkAbstract
This study assessed the cybersecurity awareness and cybersecurity preventive practices among Criminal Justice students at the ICI College of Criminal Justice Education as the basis for developing an Evidence-Based Cyber Safety Education Framework. A descriptive-correlational research design using a quantitative approach was employed. The respondents consisted of 270 Criminal Justice students selected through stratified random sampling. Data were gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of measures of cybersecurity awareness and cybersecurity preventive practices. The instrument demonstrated excellent reliability, with Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients of 0.978 for cybersecurity awareness and 0.970 for cybersecurity preventive practices. Frequency and percentage distribution, weighted mean, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis were used in analyzing the data. The findings revealed very high cybersecurity awareness and high levels of cybersecurity preventive practices among the respondents. A significant strong positive relationship existed between cybersecurity awareness and cybersecurity preventive practices (r = 0.842, p = 0.000). Regression analysis further showed that all four dimensions of cybersecurity awareness significantly predicted cybersecurity preventive practices, with phishing and online scam awareness emerging as the strongest predictor. Based on the findings, an Evidence-Based Cyber Safety Education Framework was developed to address identified areas for improvement and strengthen cybersecurity preparedness among Criminal Justice students. The study supports SDG 4, Quality Education, through strengthened cybersecurity education and digital competency, and SDG 16, Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, through improved cybercrime preparedness and responsible digital behavior. Its sustainability contribution is primarily educational, technological, institutional, and governance oriented.
References
Ahamed, B. (2024). Empowering students for cybersecurity awareness: Understanding the role of cybersecurity knowledge, password security, and self-perception of skills among university students. SAGE Open, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241228920 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241228920
Ahamed, F., Rahman, M., & Karim, R. (2025). Cybersecurity awareness, social networking behavior, and online safety practices among Generation Z university students. International Journal of Information Security and Privacy, 19(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJISP.2025010101
Alharbi, T., Alshammari, R., Alenazi, M., Alghazzawi, D., & Cheng, L. (2021). Assessment of cybersecurity awareness among students and staff at Majmaah University. Future Internet, 13(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13020023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc5020023
Al-Janabi, S., & Al-Shourbaji, I. (2016). A study of cyber security awareness in educational environment in the Middle East. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 15(1), 1650007. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219649216500076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219649216500076
Alotaibi, F., & Al-Saadi, A. (2022). Cybersecurity awareness and safe online behavior among undergraduate students in Saudi Arabia. Education and Information Technologies, 27(8), 11245–11263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11018-5
Baleid, H. M. (2026). Cybersecurity in higher education: A systematic review of threats, awareness, and protective practices. Journal of Science and Technology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20428/jst.v31i1.3563
Castillo, R., & Navarro, P. (2025). Iterative evidence collection and continuous feedback in digital learning environments. Journal of Educational Innovation and Research.
Chen, L., & Wang, H. (2023). Formative assessment, student feedback, and evidence-based educational frameworks in digital learning. Educational Assessment and Technology Journal.
Commission on Higher Education. (2018). CHED Memorandum Order No. 5, series of 2018: Policies, standards, and guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in Criminology program. Commission on Higher Education.
Department of Information and Communications Technology. (2024). National cybersecurity plan 2023–2028. Department of Information and Communications Technology.
Du, X., Yang, J., & Liu, Y. (2023). A survey of cybersecurity awareness among university students. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Technology and Information Systems. Atlantis Press.
Dunđer, I., Seljan, S., & Odak, M. (2025). Information security awareness in the university environment: A focus on undergraduates. TEM Journal, 14(2), 1621–1628. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM142-59 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM142-59
Espiritu, P. G. G., & Jocson, J. C. (2023). Navigating cybersecurity challenges in the era of digital transformation: Threats and mitigation strategies in the Philippines. International Journal of Progressive Research in Science and Engineering, 4(11), 10–23.
Fernandez, M., & Tan, J. (2025). Digital literacy and cybersecurity practices among college students in metropolitan universities. Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice, 2025(1), 45–61.
Goliath, S., Tsibolane, P., & Snyman, D. (2024). Exploring the cybersecurity-resilience gap: An analysis of student attitudes and behaviors in higher education. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.03219
Gustara, M. (2025). Analysis of cybersecurity awareness and behavior among university students. Indonesian Journal of Integrated Science Education.
International Criminal Police Organization. (2023). Annual report 2023. https://www.interpol.int/en/Resources/Documents/Annual-Report-2023
International Telecommunication Union. (2023). Global cybersecurity index 2023. International Telecommunication Union.
Kaur, P., & Singh, R. (2024). Competency-based education and evidence-based instructional frameworks in higher education. International Journal of Educational Development.
Kitaw Damenu, T., Gökbay, İ. Z., Covaci, A., & Li, S. (2025). Cyber security educational games for children: A systematic literature review. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.17414
Lund, B. D., Anderson, B., Roeschley, A., & Hossain, G. (2025). Understanding the relationship between personal data privacy literacy and data privacy information sharing by university students. Journal of Information Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515251379049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515251379049
Mahinay, J., & Mamasalagat, T. (2025). Cybercrime awareness and netizen experiences: The Philippine context. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 9(9), 4339–4354.
Ovi, T. R., Atikuzzaman, M., & Islam, M. M. (2025). Smartphone security behavior among university students: An empirical study in a public university in Bangladesh. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-11-2024-0804 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-11-2024-0804
Republic Act No. 10173, Data Privacy Act of 2012. (2012). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.
Republic Act No. 10175, Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012. (2012). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.
Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
Romero, R. M., & Dela Cruz, K. J. (2026). Technical self-efficacy and advanced identity protection practices among Filipino collegiate students. Philippine Journal of Development Administration, 31(1), 72–88.
Saleh, A., & Al-Mulhim, N. (2024). Cybersecurity awareness, self-efficacy, and preventive online behavior among college students. Computers & Security, 137, 103620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2023.103620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2023.103620
Santelices, R. B. (2025). A students’ perspective on cybersecurity awareness and education. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 9(3S), 7976–7988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.903SEDU0597
Sittitiamjan, K. (2025). Bridging the gap: How knowledge, attitudes, and practices shape cybersecurity awareness in Thai education. European Journal of Educational Research and Practice. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.16.236
Tick, A., & Mai, T. T. (2024). Cyber security awareness and the behaviors of higher education students using smartphones in Vietnam. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 21(12), 111–131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.21.12.2024.12.7
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2023). Education for justice (E4J) cybercrime module series. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Wijaya, R. R., Putri, F. A., & Karya, S. (2025). Measuring employee information security awareness in personal data protection compliance. In 2025 1st International Conference on Emerging Trends in Information Systems and Informatics (ICETISI). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICETISI67983.2025.11405918 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICETISI67983.2025.11405918
World Economic Forum. (2023). Global risks report 2023 (18th ed.). World Economic Forum.
Yazon, A. D., Ang-Manaig, K., Tesoro, J. F., & Buama, C. A. (2022). Cyber literacy and cyber risk mitigation program of a municipal college in the Philippines. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 11(3), 45–59.
Zhang, Y., Gupta, B., & Kaur, P. (2023). Cybersecurity awareness and behavior: A systematic review of higher education studies (2021–2023). Computers & Security, 129, 103212.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Romeo A. Gernale, Jr. (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication. All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. This license permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, including for commercial purposes, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the journal, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated.